APPLICATIONS OF PHASE DIAGRAMS TO STEEL PROCESSING
A APLICAÇÃO DE DIAGRAMAS DE FASES AO PROCESSAMENTO DE AÇOS
Matsumiya, Tooru
http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/2176-1523.1051
Tecnol. Metal. Mater. Min., vol.13, n1, p.25-36, 2016
Abstract
Examples of the application of CALPHAD method to steel processing are discussed. First, a complete stepwise simulation of solidification microsegregation is shown, both with and without back diffusion. Second, solidification of weld pool of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys is simulated using a special method for combining of solute diffusion analysis. Then, a coupled precipitation model is discussed for the estimation of chemical compositions change of nonmetallic inclusions during solidification of steel focusing in HIC resisting steels. Additionally, applications of a coupled reaction model based on local equilibrium calculation at slag-metal interface is presented and its use is demonstrated in the optimization of manganese removal process and in mold powder composition design. Finally, two examples of process condition design to obtain optimized properties are presented. One for controlling the amount and hardness of martensite in thick plates of 0.12%C-steel. Another for determining the solution temperature to obtain uniform and fine distribution of carbides and nitrides. Conditions for anti-erosion properties of bearing steel are also achieved by proper distribution of carbides using an estimation by the CALPHAD method.
Keywords
CALPHAD, Solidification, Microsegregation, Nonmetallic inclusion, Refining, Mold flux, Quenching, Solution treatment.
Resumo
Exemplos da aplicação do método CALPHAD no processamento de aços são discutidos. Inicialmente, uma simulação passo-a-passo da microsegregação é apresentada, considerando ou não a redistribuição de soluto no sólido. O segundo exemplo apresenta a simulação da poça de solda de ligas Fe-Cr-Ni usando um método especial para combinara a análise da difusão dos solutos Um modelo de precipitação acoplado é discutido a seguir, para a estimativa das mudanças de composição das inclusões não-metálicas durante a solidificação do aço, como foco em aço resistente a HIC. Adicionalmente, aplicações de um modelo de reações acopladas para o cálculo do equilíbrio local nas interfaces metal-escória é apresentado e seu uso demonstrado na otimização da remoção do manganês e no projeto de pós de cobertura de lingotamento. Por fim, dois exemplos de otimização das condições de processamento são apresentados. Um, para controlar a quantidade e dureza da martensita em chapas grossas de 0,12% de C. Outro, discutindo as condições ideais do tratamento de solubilização para obter uma dispersão ideal de carbonetos e nitretos para o processamento e propriedades do aço. O controle das propriedades de erosão em aços para rolamentos é também demonstrado pela otimização da distribuição destes, via o método CALPHAD.
Palavras-chave
CALPHAD, Solidificação, Microsegregação, Inclusões não-metálicas, Tempera, Solubilização, Pó fluxante.
Referências
1 Yamada W, Matsumiya T, Sundman B. Development of a simulator of solidification path and formation of nonmetallic inclusions during solidification of stainless steels. In: Kihara J, Yamamoto R, Doyama M, Suzuki T, editors. Computer aided innovation of new materials. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V.; 1991. p. 587-590.
2 Clyne TW, Kurz W. Solute redistribution during solidification with rapid solid state diffusion. Metallurgical Transactions A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 1981;12A(6):965-971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02643477.
3 Scheil E. Bemerkungen zur Schichtkristallbildung. Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde. 1942;34:70.
4 Koseki T, Matsumiya T, Yamada W, Ogawa T. Numerical modeling of solidification and subsequent transformation of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 1994;25A(6):1309-1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02652305.
5 Matsumiya T. Mathematical analyses of segregations and chemical compositional changes of nonmetallic inclusions during solidification of steels. Materials Transactions JIM. 1992;33(9):783-794. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.33.783.
6 Yamada W, Matsumiya T, Fukumoto S, Tanaka S, Takeuchi H. Simulation of the compositions of nonmetallic inclusions in cast stainless steels. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-assisted Materials Design and Process Simulation; 1993 Sept. 06-09; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan; 1993. p. 123.
7 Kitamura T, Shibata K, Sawada I, Kitamura S. Technology development by computater simulation for refining process optimization. Bulletin of JIM. 1989;28:310. Japanese.
8 Robertson DGC, Deo B, Oguchi S. A multicomponent mixed transport control theory for the kinetics of coupled slag-metal and slag-metal-gas reactions: application to desulphurization of molten iron. Ironmaking & Steelmaking. 1984;11:41.
9 Kiyose A, Miyazawa K, Yamada W, Watanabe K, Takahashi H. Mathematical modelling of change in composition of mold flux in continuous casting of steels. ISIJ International. 1996;36(Supplement):S155-S158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.Suppl_S155.
10 Mizutani Y. Current progress in development of heavy plate steel based on thermodynamic calculation. Ferrum. 2007;12:291. Japanese.
11 Irvin KJ, Pickering FB, Garston J. The effect of composition on the structure and properties of martensite. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. 1960;196:66.
12 Ochi T. Current progress in application of calculated phase diagram to development of bar and wire rod. Ferrum. 2007;12:363. Japanese.
2 Clyne TW, Kurz W. Solute redistribution during solidification with rapid solid state diffusion. Metallurgical Transactions A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 1981;12A(6):965-971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02643477.
3 Scheil E. Bemerkungen zur Schichtkristallbildung. Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde. 1942;34:70.
4 Koseki T, Matsumiya T, Yamada W, Ogawa T. Numerical modeling of solidification and subsequent transformation of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 1994;25A(6):1309-1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02652305.
5 Matsumiya T. Mathematical analyses of segregations and chemical compositional changes of nonmetallic inclusions during solidification of steels. Materials Transactions JIM. 1992;33(9):783-794. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.33.783.
6 Yamada W, Matsumiya T, Fukumoto S, Tanaka S, Takeuchi H. Simulation of the compositions of nonmetallic inclusions in cast stainless steels. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-assisted Materials Design and Process Simulation; 1993 Sept. 06-09; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan; 1993. p. 123.
7 Kitamura T, Shibata K, Sawada I, Kitamura S. Technology development by computater simulation for refining process optimization. Bulletin of JIM. 1989;28:310. Japanese.
8 Robertson DGC, Deo B, Oguchi S. A multicomponent mixed transport control theory for the kinetics of coupled slag-metal and slag-metal-gas reactions: application to desulphurization of molten iron. Ironmaking & Steelmaking. 1984;11:41.
9 Kiyose A, Miyazawa K, Yamada W, Watanabe K, Takahashi H. Mathematical modelling of change in composition of mold flux in continuous casting of steels. ISIJ International. 1996;36(Supplement):S155-S158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.Suppl_S155.
10 Mizutani Y. Current progress in development of heavy plate steel based on thermodynamic calculation. Ferrum. 2007;12:291. Japanese.
11 Irvin KJ, Pickering FB, Garston J. The effect of composition on the structure and properties of martensite. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. 1960;196:66.
12 Ochi T. Current progress in application of calculated phase diagram to development of bar and wire rod. Ferrum. 2007;12:363. Japanese.
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