Characterization of first generation advanced high strength steel of the complex phase class for automotive application though light optical microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction
Renan de Melo Correia Lima; Julio Cesar Spadotto; Flavia Tereza dos Santos Tolomelli; Fernando Cosme Rizzo Assunção
Abstract
As the demand for Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) increases, the need for faster and reliable ways to identify their microstructure and quantify the phase distribution becomes more evident. For some types of steels this can be done by a simple color etching and light optical microscopy (LOM) imaging. On the other hand, steels with more complex microstructural distribution require a combination of additional techniques, many of which are time-consuming, such as dilatometry or electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). In this work, a combination of LOM and EBSD was used to quantify the microstructure of Complex-Phase steels. The methods used to process the data and distinguish the microconstituents in EBSD is explained and some exemplary results obtained in industrial steels are reported. Also, a previously used way to quantitatively compare the LOM and EBSD results is also shown to confirm the validity of the approach discussed in the present work.
Keywords
References
1 Kuziak R, Kawalla R, Waengler S. Advanced high strength steels for automotive industry. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 2008 [cited 2022 Sept 13];8(2):103-117. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S1644966512601976
2 Karelova A, Krempaszky C, Werner E, Tsipouridis P, Hebesberger T, Pichler A. Hole expansion of dual-phase and complex-phase AHS steels - effect of edge conditions. Steel Research International. 2009;80:71-77.
3 Martin P, Unruh K, Chottin J, Hug E. Damage mechanisms in multiphased a bainitic matrix under various mechanical loading under various mechanical loading paths. Procedia Manufacturing. 2018;15:1557-1564.
4 Vandeputte S, Ruisbroek B, Mesplont C, Lambersart F, Jacobs S, Gent B. Ultra high strength steel composition the process of production of an ultra high strength steel product and the product obtained. Available at: https://imageppubs. uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/8715427; 2014.
5 Mesplont C. Phase transformations and microstructure - mechanical properties relations in complex phase high strength steels. Local: Universiteit Gent; 2002.
6 Pathak N, Butcher C, Worswick MJ, Bellhouse E, Gao J. Damage evolution in complex-phase and dual-phase steels during edge stretching. Materials (Basel). 2017;10(4):1-29.
7 Sugimoto K, Mukherjee M. TRIP aided and complex phase steels. In: Rana R, Singh SB, editors. Automotive steels: design, metallurgy, processing and applications. Woodhead Publishing: Springer; 2016. p. 217–257. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100638-2.00008-0
8 Hairer F, Karelová A, Krempaszky C, Werner E, Pichler T, Hebesberger A. Etching techniques for the microstructural characterization of complex phase steels by light microscopy. International Doctoral Seminar. 2008 [cited 2022 Sept 13];50-4. Available at: http://www.mtf.stuba.sk/docs/internetovy_casopis/2008/4mimorc/hairer.pdf
9 Hairer F, Krempaszky C, München U. Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of bainitic single- and complex-phase steel. Materials Science and Technology. 2018;2009:1391-1401.
10 Garcia CI, Hua M, Cho K, DeArdo AJ. New method of characterizing and quantifying complex microstructures in steels. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 2010;25(1-3):33-40.
11 Kang JY, Kim DH, Baik S II, Ahn TH, Kim YW, Han HN, et al. Phase analysis of steels by grain-averaged EBSD functions. ISIJ International. 2011;51(1):130-136.
12 Li X, Ramazani A, Prahl U, Bleck W. Quantification of complex-phase steel microstructure by using combined EBSD and EPMA measurements. Materials Characterization. 2018;142(May):179-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. matchar.2018.05.038.
13 Zhao H, Wynne BP, Palmiere EJ. A phase quantification method based on EBSD data for a continuously cooled microalloyed steel. Materials Characterization. 2017;123:339-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.11.024.
14 Lima RMC, Tolomelli FTS, Clarke AJ, Clarke KD, Spadotto JC, Rizzo FC. Microstructural characterization of A 1100 MPa complex-phase steel. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021;17:184-191.
15 Lima RMC, Spadotto J, Rizzo FC. Use of LOM and EBSD to identify bainite in complex phase steel. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2021;27(S1):370-372.
16 Tomaz RF, Brandão Santos D, Camey K, Barbosa R, Spangler Andrade M, Pérez Escobar D. Complex phase quantification methodology using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on low manganese high temperature processed steel (HTP) microalloyed steel. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2019;8(2):2423-2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.021.
17 Arganda-Carreras I, Kaynig V, Rueden C, Eliceiri KW, Schindelin J, Cardona A, et al. Trainable Weka Segmentation: a machine learning tool for microscopy pixel classification. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 2017;33(15):2424-2426.
18 Oxford Instruments. AZtec ® Reclassify Phase: discriminating phases in steels [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Sept 13]. Available at: https://nano.oxinst.com/campaigns/downloads/aztec-reclassify-phase-discriminating-phases-in-steels
19 Nowell MM, Witt RA, True B. EBSD sample preparation: techniques, tips, and tricks. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2005;11(S02):504-505.
20 Oxford Instruments. Grain size characterisation of a steel sample using the AZtec HKL EBSD system [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Sept 13]. Available at: https://nano.oxinst.com/campaigns/downloads/grain-size-characterisationof- a-steel-sample-using-the-aztechkl-ebsd-system
21 Oxford Instruments. High resolution EBSD mapping of martensitic steel [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Sept 13]. Available at: https://nano.oxinst.com/campaigns/downloads/high-resolution-ebsd-mapping-of-martensitic-steel
Submitted date:
09/13/2022
Accepted date:
06/12/2023
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email